Reduced heat leakage improves wearable health device

North Carolina State University engineers continue to improve the efficiency of a flexible device worn on the wrist that harvests heat energy from the human body to monitor health.
In a paper published in npj Flexible Electronics, the NC State researchers report significant enhancements in preventing heat leakage in the flexible body heat harvester they first reported in 2017 and updated in 2020. The harvesters use heat energy from the human body to power wearable technologies — think of smart watches that measure your heart rate, blood oxygen, glucose and other health parameters — that never need to have their batteries recharged. The technology relies on the same principles governing rigid thermoelectric harvesters that convert heat to electrical energy.
Flexible harvesters that conform to the human body are highly desired for use with wearable technologies. Mehmet Ozturk, an NC State professor of electrical and computer engineering and the corresponding author of the paper, mentioned superior skin contact with flexible devices, as well as the ergonomic and comfort considerations to the device wearer, as the core reasons behind building flexible thermoelectric generators, or TEGs.
The performance and efficiency of flexible harvesters, however, historically trail well behind rigid devices, which have been superior in their ability to convert body heat into usable energy.
The NC State proof-of-concept TEG originally reported in 2017 employed semiconductor elements that were connected electrically in series using liquid-metal interconnects made of EGaIn — a non-toxic alloy of gallium and indium. EGaIn provided both metal-like electrical conductivity and stretchability. The entire device was embedded in a stretchable silicone elastomer.
The upgraded device reported in 2020 employed the same architecture but significantly improved the thermal engineering of the previous version, while increasing the density of the semiconductor elements responsible for converting heat into electricity. One of the improvements was a high thermal conductivity silicone elastomer — essentially a type of rubber — that encapsulated the EGaIn interconnects.
The newest iteration adds aerogel flakes to the silicone elastomer to reduce the elastomer’s thermal conductivity. Experimental results showed that this innovation reduced the heat leakage through the elastomer by half.
“The addition of aerogel stops the heat from leaking between the device’s thermoelectric ‘legs,'” Ozturk said. “The higher the heat leakage, the lower the temperature that develops across the device, which translates to lower output power.
“The flexible device reported in this paper is performing an order of magnitude better than the device we reported in 2017 and continues to approach the performance of rigid devices,” Ozturk added.
Ozturk said that one of the strengths of the NC State-patented technology is that it employs the very same semiconductor elements used in rigid devices perfected after decades of research. The approach also provides a low-cost opportunity to existing rigid thermoelectric module manufacturers to enter the flexible thermoelectric market.
He added that his lab will continue to focus on improving the efficiency of these flexible devices.

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Materials provided by North Carolina State University. Original written by Mick Kulikowski. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

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Diphtheria risks becoming major global threat again as it evolves antimicrobial resistance

Diphtheria — a relatively easily-preventable infection — is evolving to become resistant to a number of classes of antibiotics and in future could lead to vaccine escape, warn an international team of researchers from the UK and India.
The researchers, led by scientists at the University of Cambridge, say that the impact of COVID-19 on diphtheria vaccination schedules, coupled with a rise in the number of infections, risk the disease once more becoming a major global threat.
Diphtheria is a highly contagious infection that can affect the nose and throat, and sometimes the skin. If left untreated it can prove fatal. In the UK and other high-income countries, babies are vaccinated against infection. However, in low- and middle-income countries, the disease can still cause sporadic infections or outbreaks in unvaccinated and partially-vaccinated communities.
The number of diphtheria cases reported globally has being increasing gradually. In 2018, there were 16,651 reported cases, more than double the yearly average for 1996-2017 (8,105 cases).
Diphtheria is primarily caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae and is mainly spread by coughs and sneezes, or through close contact with someone who is infected. In most cases, the bacteria cause acute infections, driven by the diphtheria toxin — the key target of the vaccine. However, non-toxigenic C. diphtheria can also cause disease, often in the form of systemic infections.
In a study published today in Nature Communications, an international team of researchers from the UK and India used genomics to map infections, including a subset from India, where over half of the globally reported cases occurred in 2018.

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By analysing the genomes of 61 bacteria isolated from patients and combining these with 441 publicly available genomes, the researchers were able to build a phylogenetic tree — a genetic ‘family tree’ — to see how the infections are related and understand how they spread. They also used this information to assess the presence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and assess toxin variation.
The researchers found clusters to genetically-similar bacteria isolated from multiple continents, most commonly Asia and Europe. This indicates that C. diphtheriae has been established in the human population for at least over a century, spreading across the globe as populations migrated.
The main disease-causing component of C. diphtheriae is the diphtheria toxin, which is encoded by the tox gene. It is this component that is targeted by vaccines. In total, the researchers found 18 different variants of the tox gene, of which several had the potential to change the structure of the toxin.
Professor Gordon Dougan from the Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID) said: “”The diphtheria vaccine is designed to neutralise the toxin, so any genetic variants that change the toxin’s structure could have an impact on how effective the vaccine is. While our data doesn’t suggest the currently used vaccine will be ineffective, the fact that we are seeing an ever-increasing diversity of tox variants suggests that the vaccine, and treatments that target the toxin, need to be appraised on a regular basis.”
Diphtheria infections can usually be treated with a number of classes of antibiotic. While C. diphtheriae resistant to antibiotics have been reported, the extent of such resistance remains largely unknown.

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When the team looked for genes that might confer some degree of resistance to antimicrobials, they found that the average number of AMR genes per genome was increasing each decade. Genomes of bacteria isolated from infections from the most recent decade (2010-19) showed the highest average number of AMR genes per genome, almost four times as many on average than in the next highest decade, the 1990s.
Robert Will, a PhD student at CITIID and the study’s first author, said: “The C. diphtheriae genome is complex and incredibly diverse. It’s acquiring resistance to antibiotics that are not even clinically used in the treatment of diphtheria. There must be other factors at play, such as asymptomatic infection and exposure to a plethora of antibiotics meant for treating other diseases.”
Erythromycin and penicillin are the traditionally recommended antibiotics of choice for treating confirmed cases of early-stage diphtheria, though there are several different classes of antibiotics available to treat the infection. The team identified variants resistant to six of these classes in isolates from the 2010s, higher than in any other decades.
Dr Pankaj Bhatnagar from the World Health Organization country office for India said: “AMR has rarely been considered as a major problem in the treatment of diphtheria, but in some parts of the world, the bacterial genomes are acquiring resistance to numerous classes of antibiotics. There are likely to be a number of reasons to this, including exposure of the bacteria to antibiotics in their environment or in asymptomatic patients being treated against other infections.”
The researchers say that COVID-19 has had a negative impact on childhood vaccination schedules worldwide and comes at a time when reported case numbers are rising, with 2018 showing the highest incidence in 22 years.
Dr Ankur Mutreja from CITIID, who led the study, said: “It’s more important than ever that we understand how diphtheria is evolving and spreading. Genome sequencing gives us a powerful tool for observing this in real time, allowing public health agencies to take action before it’s too late.
“We mustn’t take our eye off the ball with diphtheria, otherwise we risk it becoming a major global threat again, potentially in a modified, better adapted, form.”
The research was funded primarily by the Medical Research Council, with additional support from the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre.

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Immune cells in cerebrospinal fluid predict response to immunotherapy

Results from a study led by Joan Seoane, Director of Preclinical and Translational Research co-program at VHIO and ICREA Professor, show that immune cells accessing cerebrospinal fluid faithfully recapitulate the characteristics of cells identified in brain metastasis, and could therefore constitute novel biomarkers of response to immune-based therapies.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors including anti-PD1, anti-PD-L1, and anti-CTLA4, have shown significant clinical benefits in patients with progressive or metastatic solid tumors, including some brain metastasis. Notably, these immune-based therapies have improved outcomes for some of those suffering from lung cancer and melanoma. Together, these tumor types (represent between 30-40% of all cancers), along with breast cancer, are three common malignancies that lead to brain metastases.
“One of the major challenges in improving outcomes for patients suffering from brain metastases caused by these cancers is that new lesions can differ immensely from the primary tumor, and thus respond in a different way to immune-based therapies,” observes Joan Seoane, co-Corresponding Author of this present study that published today in Nature Communications.
Brain metastases are the most frequent tumor of the brain, with a dismal prognosis. While a fraction of patients benefit from treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors, the majority do not. To predict response to these therapies necessitates the characterization of tumor specimens. Due to the anatomical location of brain tumors and the risk of surgical procedures, accessing samples from brain malignancies is challenging.
Results from previous studies led by Joan Seoane, as well as those of other groups, have evidenced that cerebrospinal fluid can provide vital insights into the genomic characteristics of brain tumors and therefore be used as a minimally invasive liquid biopsy. Spurred by these findings, the investigators conducted this present research to establish whether they could effectively characterize the immunological phenotype through the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid.
To test this hypothesis, Joan Seoane’s team analyzed samples from 48 patients with brain metastasis. These samples were obtained thanks to the generosity of patients receiving treatment at our Vall d’Hebron University Hospital (HUVH), as well as the Hospital Clínic in Barcelona, who gave their full consent to use their samples. The collection of samples was possible thanks to the dedication and expertise of these hospitals’ Neurosurgery Services.
The researchers assessed the immune cells present in the brain metastases, and in parallel, performed immune cell profiling of the cerebrospinal fluid. They sought to identify which cell types were present in the cerebrospinal fluid and compare them with those obtained from the metastatic lesions.
“By establishing similarities between the two, we have identified a novel and minimally invasive method that can allow us to predict response to immunotherapy in these patients. This pioneering approach could more precisely guide clinical decision making in treating these patients with immune-based therapeutic strategies,” adds Joan Seoane.
By analyzing cerebrospinal fluid, Joan Seoane’s team have been able to identify the T-cells that recognize the tumor, and those that are active in treatment. “Each immune T-cell has a unique sequence that recognizes a particular tumor antigen. When their tracing and targeting commence, these cells are activated and begin to proliferate. Through this study, we have been able to characterize the individual sequences of immune cells and, in this way, identify which immune cells are fighting the tumor and discern how they evolve over time,” continues Joan Seoane.
The study was also carried out in collaboration with colleagues at the National Centre for Genomic Analysis-Centre for Genomic Regulation (CNAG-CRG), Barcelona. Directed by Holger Heyn, Head of CNAG-CRG’s Single Cell Genomics Team, theu performed single cell transcriptome sequencing of around 6000 cells by scRNA-seq technology.
“Single cell transcriptome sequencing provides the highest resolution for the detection and monitoring of several different diseases. The identification of clonal T-cells in both metastasis and liquid biopsy is of particular interest. We have shown that the sequencing of T-cell receptors provides a cellular barcode that can be assessed outside of the tumor. Importantly, this approach opens up new avenues for the detection of systemic disease,” concludes Holger Heyn, co-Corresponding Author of this present study.

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Strict environmental laws 'push' firms to pollute elsewhere

Multinational companies headquartered in countries with tougher environmental policies tend to locate their polluting factories in countries with more lax regulations, a new study finds.
While countries may hope their regulations will reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, these results show that these policies can lead to “carbon leakage” to other nations, said Itzhak Ben-David, co-author of the study and professor of finance at The Ohio State University’s Fisher College of Business.
“Firms decide strategically where to locate their production based on existing environmental policies, with the result being that they pollute more in countries with lenient regulations,” Ben David said.
“This highlights the importance of worldwide collective action to combat climate change, given the global scale of firms’ operations.”
The study was published online recently in the journal Economic Policy.
Researchers used a novel dataset covering 1,970 large public firms headquartered in 48 countries and their carbon dioxide emissions in 218 countries from 2008 to 2015. The database was provided by CDP, a nonprofit formerly known as the Carbon Disclosure Project.

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“What makes this dataset unique is that we can observe the carbon dioxide emissions of each multinational firm in each country in which it operates,” Ben-David said.
“This provides direct evidence of the effect of environmental policies and each firm’s actual carbon dioxide emissions at the country level.”
The researchers also used rankings from the World Economic Forum that rated the strength of each country’s environmental policies on a scale of 1 (worst) to 7 (best).
The results of the new study don’t mean that tougher environmental regulations have no effect at all on global emissions, Ben-David said. Findings suggest that stringent policies are still associated with a partial, but positive, impact on reducing overall global pollution.
For example, an increase in the environmental policy score from China (2.1, suggesting weak regulations) to Germany (5.5, stronger regulations) is associated with 44% lower global emissions.

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But it is also associated with a 299% increase in foreign emissions when compared to the companies’ home countries.
“If you make it more difficult to pollute in a company’s home country, firms will move some of that pollution activity to somewhere else,” Ben-David said.
The study examined whether stricter policies “pushed” firms to pollute elsewhere or lax regulations “pulled” firms to countries where it was easier to pollute.
“We found that the results were primarily driven by the environmental policies in the home country, rather than by opportunities to pollute elsewhere,” he said. “It was more of a ‘push’ effect than a ‘pull’ effect.”
Not surprisingly, firms in the most polluting industries were the ones most likely to respond to strict policies in their home countries by locating their pollution activities elsewhere.
Overall, most carbon dioxide is released in an average company’s home country, but the share of home emissions declined substantially over time from 72% in 2008 to 57% in 2015, the researchers found.
In addition, the number of countries in which the average firm polluted increased from six to nine during the period of the study.
“Environmental regulations in each country do work to somewhat reduce global emissions of carbon dioxide, but they also have this negative side effect of pushing pollution to other countries,” Ben-David said.
“Countries need to collaborate if they really want environmental policies to have the strongest impact.”

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Materials provided by Ohio State University. Original written by Jeff Grabmeier. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

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Medical Marijuana Is Not Regulated as Most Medicines Are

AdvertisementContinue reading the main storySupported byContinue reading the main storyPersonal HealthMedical Marijuana Is Not Regulated as Most Medicines AreThe industry lacks randomized controlled clinical trials that can clearly establish benefits and risks.Credit…Gracia LamMarch 8, 2021, 5:00 a.m. ETDan Shapiro was the first person I knew to use medical marijuana. As a junior at Vassar College in 1987, he was being treated for Hodgkin’s lymphoma with potent chemotherapy that caused severe nausea and vomiting. When Dan’s mother learned that smoking marijuana could relieve the distressing side effect, to help her son, this otherwise law-abiding woman planted a garden full of the illegal weed in her Connecticut back yard.Decades later, marijuana as medicine has become a national phenomenon, widely accepted by the public. Although the chemical-rich plant botanically known as Cannabis sativa remains a federally controlled substance, its therapeutic use is now legal in 36 states and the District of Columbia.Yet experts in the many specialties in which medical marijuana is said to be helpful have only rarely been able to demonstrate its purported benefits in well-designed scientific studies. And they caution that what is now being legally sold as medicinal marijuana in dispensaries throughout the country is anything but the safe, pure substance Americans commonly expect when they are treated with licensed medications.For example, in Oregon, where both recreational and medicinal marijuana can be sold legally, all recreational marijuana must be tested for pesticides and solvents, but such tests are not required for most medical marijuana, an audit by the Secretary of State published in January 2019 showed. The Oregon Health Authority does not require tests for heavy metals and microbes that might sicken users.Indeed, most of the same health concerns raised decades ago about using marijuana therapeutically are still unresolved, even as the potency of the plant’s intoxicating ingredient, tetrahydrocannabinol, best known as THC, has increased fivefold. Furthermore, exclusive medical use is uncommon; in a Canadian study of 709 medical users, 80.6 percent also reported using marijuana recreationally.“People are using a medical excuse for their recreational marijuana habit,” said Dr. Kenneth Finn, a pain management specialist in Colorado Springs and editor of a new, 554-page professional book on the subject, “Cannabis in Medicine: An Evidence-Based Approach.”Proponents of medical marijuana argue that cannabis is relatively safe and less expensive than licensed pharmaceuticals and is often used for conditions for which effective therapies are lacking or inadequate. Opponents say that what is most lacking are standardized marijuana products and randomized controlled clinical trials that can clearly establish benefits and risks.The evidence — or lack thereof — of health benefits that can be reliably attributed to smoking, vaping or ingesting marijuana, even in its purest form, is described in great detail in Dr. Finn’s book. “Components of the cannabis plant can help in various conditions, but that’s not what people are buying in stores,” he said in an interview. “Let’s do the research on purified, natural, noncontaminated cannabinoids,” as the various potentially therapeutic chemicals in marijuana are called.Three such substances have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. One, Epidiolex, a cannabidiol-based liquid medication, is approved to treat two forms of severe childhood epilepsy. The others, dronabinol (Marinol, Syndros) and nabilone (Cesamet), are pills used to curb nausea in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and to stimulate appetite in AIDS patients with wasting syndrome.Another marijuana-based drug, nabiximols (Sativex), is available in Canada and several European countries to treat spasticity and nerve pain in patients with multiple sclerosis.Medicinal cannabis is hardly a new therapeutic agent. It was widely used as a patent medicine in the United States during the 19th and early 20th centuries and was listed in the United States Pharmacopoeia until passage of the Marijuana Tax Act in 1937 rendered it illegal.Then a federal law in 1970 made it a Schedule 1 controlled substance, which greatly restricted access to marijuana for legitimate research. Also complicating attempts to establish medical usefulness is that plants like marijuana contain hundreds of active chemicals, the amounts of which can vary greatly from batch to batch. Unless researchers can study purified substances in known quantities, conclusions about benefits and risks are highly unreliable.That said, as recounted in Dr. Finn’s book, here are some conclusions reached by experts about the role of medical marijuana in their respective fields:Pain ManagementPeople using marijuana for pain relief do not reduce their dependence on opioids. In fact, Dr. Finn said, “patients on narcotics who also use marijuana for pain still report their pain level to be 10 on a scale of 1 to 10.” Authors of the chapter on pain, Dr. Peter R. Wilson, pain specialist at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., and Dr. Sanjog Pangarkar of the Greater Los Angeles V.A. Healthcare Service, concluded, “Cannabis itself does not produce analgesia and paradoxically might interfere with opioid analgesia.” A 2019 study of 450 adults in the Journal of Addiction Medicine found that medical marijuana not only failed to relieve patients’ pain, it increased their risk of anxiety, depression and substance abuse.Multiple SclerosisDr. Allen C. Bowling, neurologist at the NeuroHealth Institute in Englewood, Colo., noted that while marijuana has been extensively studied as a treatment for multiple sclerosis, the results of randomized clinical trials have been inconsistent. The trials overall showed some but limited effectiveness, and in one of the largest and longest trials, the placebo performed better in treating spasticity, pain and bladder dysfunction, Dr. Bowling wrote. Most trials used pharmaceutical-grade cannabis that is not available in dispensaries.GlaucomaThe study suggesting marijuana could reduce the risk of glaucoma dates back to 1970. Indeed, THC does lower damaging pressure inside the eye, but as Drs. Finny T. John and Jean R. Hausheer, ophthalmologists at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, wrote, “to achieve therapeutic levels of marijuana in the bloodstream to treat glaucoma, an individual would need to smoke approximately six to eight times a day,” at which point the person “would likely be physically and mentally unable to perform tasks requiring attention and focus,” like working and driving. The major eye care medical societies have put thumbs down on marijuana to treat glaucoma.Allison Karst, a psychiatric pharmacy specialist at the V.A. Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, who reviewed the benefits and risks of medical marijuana, concluded that marijuana can have “a negative effect on mental health and neurological function,” including worsening symptoms of PTSD and bipolar disorder.Dr. Karst also cited one study showing that only 17 percent of edible cannabis products were accurately labeled. In an email she wrote that the lack of regulation “leads to difficulty extrapolating available evidence to various products on the consumer market given the differences in chemical composition and purity.” She cautioned the public to weigh “both potential benefits and risks,” to which I would add caveat emptor — buyer beware.AdvertisementContinue reading the main story

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Melee Near University of Colorado-Boulder Injures 3 Police Officers

#masthead-section-label, #masthead-bar-one { display: none }The Coronavirus OutbreakliveLatest UpdatesMaps and CasesRisk Near YouVaccine RolloutNew Variants TrackerAdvertisementContinue reading the main storySupported byContinue reading the main storyMelee Near University of Colorado Boulder Injures 3 OfficersAn informal gathering that swelled to as many as 800 people, most of whom were not wearing masks or social distancing, turned violent on Saturday, officials said.Over 100 people started running toward officers before tear gas was used on Saturday night, Chief Maris Herold of the Boulder Police Department said.Credit…Joaquin ArmstrongMarch 7, 2021, 8:03 p.m. ETBOULDER, Colo. — A large gathering that turned into a melee near the University of Colorado Boulder on Saturday evening left multiple students bleeding and tear-gassed, at least two vehicles damaged and three SWAT officers injured, the police said.The officers were hurt as they tried to disperse the crowd in the University Hill neighborhood of Boulder. The officers were hit with bricks and rocks and sustained minor injuries, the Boulder Police Department said on Twitter, and the windshield of an armored car deployed to the scene was shattered.Over 100 people started running toward the officers before tear gas was used, the city’s police chief, Maris Herold, said at a news conference on Sunday. The crowd was at its largest at about 7 p.m., involving as many as 800 people, the chief said.Most of the attendees were not taking precautions against the coronavirus like social distancing or wearing masks. Infectious disease experts have raised concerns that as the weather warms and local restrictions ease, social gatherings and spring break trips could cause a surge in coronavirus cases.The Boulder County district attorney, Michael T. Dougherty, said the episode was a “tremendous setback” in the city’s efforts to fight the pandemic. Jeff Zayach, the county’s public health director, called the lack of mask-wearing and social distancing “shocking and disturbing.”Colorado recently reached 6,000 deaths from Covid-19, according to a New York Times database.The university said it was “aware of a large party on University Hill on Saturday evening and allegations of violence toward police officers responding to the scene.”“We condemn this conduct,” it said, adding that “it is unacceptable and irresponsible particularly in light of the volume of training, communication and enforcement” about coronavirus restrictions.The neighborhood, known as the Hill, is home to bars and many of the university’s fraternity and sorority houses. Anna Haynes, the editor in chief of the CU Independent, a student-run news site, wrote in The New York Times last year, “It’s the place you go to party, pandemic or not.”Students who live in the neighborhood said people were having small gatherings in their yards on Saturday to enjoy a warm day after having been cooped up by the cold weather and coronavirus restrictions.But as videos of the scene were posted on social media, people who didn’t live there or were unaffiliated with the university, such as high school students, began gathering in the street.The Coronavirus Outbreak

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How to Play RPGs Online

#masthead-section-label, #masthead-bar-one { display: none }At HomeFall in Love: With TenorsConsider: Miniature GroceriesSpend 24 Hours: With Andra DayGet: A Wildlife CameraAdvertisementContinue reading the main storySupported byContinue reading the main storyEscape Your Reality With Role-Playing GamesLet the good times roll, as old-school tabletop R.P.G.s have taken off online.Credit…Andrea ChronopoulosMarch 6, 2021, 11:41 p.m. ETRecently, a wizard, a druid, a cleric, a ranger, an artificer and a couple of bards met on Zoom. The bards fought. The druid baked cookies. The cleric, wearing nifty resin dragon horns, took hallucinogenic mushrooms. Together they explored candy-coated barracks, searching for an elusive ; cat jokes crowded the chat.This was an average evening for Mike Sell, a professor of English at Indiana University of Pennsylvania who moonlights as an online game master. On Tuesdays, he gathers friends, colleagues, partners and kids and has them ramble, remotely, through his role-playing game, Curse of the Sugarplum Fairy, a madcap riff on “The Nutcracker” and “Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.” Tagline: “Who can take a rainbow and wrap it in a scream?”Modern role-playing games debuted in the mid-1970s, when Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson invented Dungeons & Dragons. The form has since proliferated — if you can imagine a genre (western, mystery, sci-fi) or a peril (zombies, rogue A.I., chthonic gods), it has probably inspired a game. A hybrid of theater, make-believe, board games and fan fiction, R.P.G.s encourage players to create a story collaboratively as they play.“Tabletop role playing is the most powerful, most versatile form of interactive narrative we have by a mile,” said Nicholas Fortugno, who directs the digital game design program at Long Island University. “Nothing touches it.”R.P.G.s have always been a relatively niche hobby, which is understandable. A typical session involves considerably more effort and imagination than, say, Scrabble. And who dresses up for Monopoly? But when lockdowns made in-person activities risky, these games, began to proliferate online, attracting new players and reviving interest among veteran, dice-clutching hands.Not your nerdy teenager’s Dungeons & Dragons.Last March, when rolling lockdowns began, Roll20, one of many sites that host R.P.G.s online, experienced so many new-user requests (an 840 percent spike, in fact) that its servers assumed it was some kind of cyberattack, said Dean Bigbee, the site’s chief operating officer. Within a year, the site has added three million new users, for a total of eight million. Representatives of similar sites like World Anvil and Role Gate also reported surges.The revenue of Dungeons & Dragons, which still commands the largest market share of R.P.G.s, grew by 33 percent in the past year. Usage of its dedicated website, D&D Beyond, doubled. “It was always growing, but nowhere near that,” said Ray Winninger, the executive producer in charge of the of Dungeons & Dragons studio. According to Mr. Winninger’s colleague Liz Schuh, the director of product management for Dungeons & Dragons, “Virtual play has exploded.” Which means Zoom is the new finished basement.In a typical game, online or off, the game master will present the players with a situation — an encounter with a kobold, say. Each player decides how his or her characters should respond, often rolling dice to determine the success of each maneuver. As these games are cooperative, not competitive, players don’t vie against one another. (Smack talking? Purely optional.) So this is pandemic-friendly escapism that allows your friends to escape with you. Unless a mind flayer takes them out first.Over the past five years, tabletop R.P.G.s — a designation that differentiates them from immense multiplayer online games like World of Warcraft — have edged a little closer to the mainstream, becoming the kind of hobby a person could now admit to in mixed company. (Thirty-nine percent of Dungeons & Dragons players identify as female.) Vin Diesel, Terry Crews and Drew Barrymore have all outed themselves as R.P.G. gamers, and the actor Joe Manganiello (“True Blood”) hosts a celebrity campaign in his basement. The streaming site Twitch has more than 100 channels devoted to Dungeons & Dragons. Critical Role, a live-play campaign executed by voice actors, has become a YouTube hit that recently raised more than $11 million for an animated special. R.P.G.s have also inspired dozens of podcasts, both fictional and live play, like “The Adventure Zone” and “You Meet in a Tavern.” The Netflix show “Stranger Things” has made Dungeons & Dragons a central theme: The boy characters play the game and use its vocabulary to understand their town’s bizarre goings-on. (You can even buy a “Stranger Things”-inspired D&D starter set.)From the basement to Zoom.Before the pandemic, when people already seemed to live mostly online, tabletop R.P.G.s were seen as a respite from multiscreen life, a more artisanal and analog way to connect. “The ability to get together with friends and put on a show, that’s a pretty amazing experience,” Mr. Sell said.During lockdown, when the ability to get together went away, RPGs stayed. Many of the most popular games had already found a home online. Sites and apps like Roll20, Role Gate, World Anvil, Astral, Fantasy Grounds and D&D Beyond have created platforms to make online play possible. Many have tools — like character generators — that simplify a campaign.R.P.G.s don’t require tactile experience (apologies to those who hand-paints miniatures for their characters), so they adapt well to online play. “Almost everything that happens in Dungeons & Dragons happens in your imagination,” Mr. Winninger said. “It makes the transition to virtual play easier.”If you have Wi-Fi, you’re in, and you don’t even need dice: Wizards of the Coast has a page that will roll the dice for you virtually. Other sites feature game enhancements, like virtual maps, and the ability to sync your game to a selection of creepy music. Want to run your own game? Gather a group on Zoom, Skype or Discord. Don’t have any like-minded friends? Wizards of the Coast released the Yawning Portal, a site that matches players with virtual games. Other sites run message boards and marketplaces that connect individuals with groups and groups with games masters. Newbies can easily find experienced players to show them the ropes and chains and dimensional shackles. After-school programs and local libraries run games catering to children and teenagers.Building a bridge for the social divide.And yet, we lose something when we can’t play in person or share Cheetos. Because R.P.G.s depends on storytelling, the experience dwindles when we’re no longer face to face with our fellow tellers. “It’s all about looking at people in the eye and performing with your body,” Mr. Fortugno said. “When you lose all of that, the game becomes more stilted.”But questing through darkened forests or perilous caves from the comfort of your couch can still thrill. And because R.P.G.s have an inherent structure and turn-taking, they may offer more natural engagement than the average Zoom cocktail hour. Having a mutual goal — maiden rescuing, treasure acquiring, sphere of annihilation avoidance — makes the conversation flow. And players can now meet across the country and across the continents.Avery Alder, a game designer (Monsterhearts 2, Dream Askew) who lives in rural British Columbia, used to host weekly in-person role-playing games in a nearby post-and-beam town hall. The pandemic ended that, but she still plays when work and child care allow, which isn’t often. She argues that maybe we need R.P.G.s now more than ever.“In a year when people are feeling a big, big sense of fear and scarcity and gloom, it’s really important to be imagining other possibilities,” she said. “Even if you’re telling stories about a fantasy world, you’re still telling stories about exploration, connection, hope.”AdvertisementContinue reading the main story

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Covid: Dalai Lama urges others to get vaccinated as he receives first shot

SharecloseShare pageCopy linkAbout sharingimage copyrightEPATibetan spiritual leader the Dalai Lama has received his first dose of the coronavirus vaccine while urging others eligible to “take this injection”. “This is very very helpful, very good,” he said as he was given the Oxford-AstraZeneca jab at a facility in the Indian city of Dharamsala on Saturday.The Dalai Lama had enrolled himself to be vaccinated, officials said. India launched its vaccination drive on 16 January, but it was limited to healthcare workers and frontline staff.Since 1 March, however, the scheme has been extended to people aged over 60 and those between the ages of 45 and 59 with underlying illnesses.What is the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine?Seven billion people ‘need a sense of oneness’Receiving his first shot in the northern state of Himachal Pradesh on Saturday, the Dalai Lama said people needed to be vaccinated to “prevent some serious problems”.image copyrightEPAThe chief medical officer of Himachal Pradesh’s Kangra district, Dr Gurdarshan Gupta, said the Dalai Lama had offered to visit the vaccination centre “like a common man”, Reuters news agency reported. “We arranged the session in the morning, considering the security concern,” he added. Speaking to the BBC last year, the Dalai Lama said the pandemic had promoted a “sense of concern, a more compassionate feeling”. The Indian government aims to cover 300 million “priority people” with its vaccination drive by the end of July.The country’s drugs regulator has given the green light to two vaccines – one developed by AstraZeneca with Oxford University (Covishield) and one by Indian firm Bharat Biotech (Covaxin).Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, 70, was among the first to get his vaccine shot.Since the pandemic began, India has confirmed more than 11 million cases and over 157,000 deaths.Much of India has reported a sharp fall in cases recently – with daily infections for the county falling to less than 20,000 from a peak of over 90,000 in September.But a handful of states have recently reported a sharp increase in the number of cases.

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Make Ice Ornaments At Home

#masthead-section-label, #masthead-bar-one { display: none }At HomeFall in Love: With TenorsConsider: Miniature GroceriesSpend 24 Hours: With Andra DayGet: A Wildlife CameraAdvertisementContinue reading the main storySupported byContinue reading the main storyAdd Color and Whimsy to Your Outdoor LandscapeIce ornaments reflect winter’s light, like momentary, sun-catching crystals.Credit…Erica Gannett for The New York TimesMarch 6, 2021, 11:22 p.m. ETAt the close of a bruising winter, find ephemeral beauty with these easy-to-make homemade ice suncatchers. These mini ice sculptures, which you can fill with berries, seeds, leaves, sliced fruit or even materials from the craft box, reflect the light, like momentary, sun-catching crystals. You can make them and freeze them outside, in suitably cold temperatures, but they can also be made in your freezer.Ice suncatchers can be constructed in nearly any size or shape. An aluminum pie plate produces one large, round, flat ornament. A Bundt pan creates a wreath-shaped ornament, which can be hung from heavy outdoor branches. Silicone ice molds, available in different shapes and sizes, offer three-dimensional suncatchers. You can also use cookie cutters for diverse shapes (wrap the bottom of the cutter in plastic wrap so that the water stays in place as it’s freezing). For a family activity, use a muffin tin and make a six or 12 at a time; this way, each family member can design his or her own.Collecting the materials to freeze in the suncatchers is part of the fun. Outside, look for natural materials, like pine needles, small sticks, acorns, pine cones, dried leaves and holly. Use the backyard or local park as your source, selecting items with ample color and texture.Inside your home, thinly sliced citrus, fresh cranberries and even dehydrated apple or pear are worthy fridge and pantry substitutes. (But avoid foods like raisins, which are poisonous to dogs, and dried beans, which are poisonous to birds). If you prefer to use man-made materials, consider sequins, buttons, rhinestones, pieces of ribbon and even glitter. Be sure to place the finished suncatchers that contain nonnatural materials in places where you can easily collect the items when they melt.For an ice sculpture that draws birds, use birdseed, which birds can find when the melt begins. If you plan to do this, however, you will want to make sure to purchase a type of seed that is appropriate for your region. The National Audubon Society has resources available online about native birds and purchasing birdseed (www.audubon.com).Here’s how to make ice suncatchers at home.Credit…Erica Gannett for The New York TimesMaterials:Large pot filled with waterA six- or 12-muffin tin, Bundt pan, plastic Tupperware containers, an aluminum pie tin, cookie cutters or silicone ice moldsButcher’s twine or colored stringNatural materials for filling, like acorns, winterberries, sliced citrus and pine needlesMan-made materials for filling, like sequins, buttons, glitter and rhinestones (optional)Power drill with small drill bit (optional)Step 1For the clearest ice suncatcher possible, bring a large pot of water to a rolling boil and then allow it to cool. Boiling water releases the trapped gasses, like nitrogen and oxygen, which cause cloudiness in ice.Credit…Erica Gannett for The New York TimesStep 2Place your decorative items at the bottom of the container you plan to use, layering them on top of one another. If you plan to use fruit, make sure that the slice is lying flat so that the flesh — and not the peel — is visible. The bottom of the vessel will become the ornament’s front, so put the brightest and best items facedown at the bottom. Birdseed suncatchers should contain only birdseed and nothing else.Step 3Ladle or pour cooled water into the containers until the items are just covered. It’s OK if a few items stick out from the water’s surface.Credit…Erica Gannett for The New York TimesStep 4Place a looped piece of twine into the suncatcher so that it freezes into place. Position the string in the center of the mold and as far down into the water as you can. (If your suncatcher is flat, you can also add the string after it has frozen, by drilling a hole into the ornament with a power drill and a small bit. If you are using a Bundt pan, wait until the ornament has frozen and tie the string around the center to hang.)Step 5Depending on the weather, you can either bring the composed suncatcher outside to set or place them in your freezer. (Remember, water freezes at 32 degrees). Deep suncatchers, made in containers like muffin tins, will take longer to set than shallow ones. The weather will affect the setting time, but you can expect that it will take three to four hours.Credit…Erica Gannett for The New York TimesStep 6Once the suncatchers are frozen solid, like ice cubes, remove them from the mold either by pressing on one side of the ice or by dipping the bottom of the container in hot water. Do not try to pull the suncatcher out by its string, as the pressure is likely to dislodge the string from the ice.Step 7Place the suncatchers in a visible spot so that you can enjoy watching them slowly disappear. A sunny spot is optimal if you want more reflection, but placing the finished ornaments in the shade will keep them intact longer. Completed suncatchers can last from a few hours to a few days, depending on the weather.Credit…Erica Gannett for The New York TimesAdvertisementContinue reading the main story

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Things To Do At Home

#masthead-section-label, #masthead-bar-one { display: none }At HomeFall in Love: With TenorsConsider: Miniature GroceriesSpend 24 Hours: With Andra DayGet: A Wildlife CameraAdvertisementContinue reading the main storySupported byContinue reading the main storyHave Fun With Fungi and Say Goodbye With KafkaThis week, attend an art lecture, listen to a conversation with the novelist Viet Thanh Nguyen or celebrate Deaf History Month.Credit…Andrea ChronopoulosEmma Grillo and March 6, 2021, 10:42 p.m. ETHere is a sampling of the week’s events and how to tune in (all times are Eastern). Note that events are subject to change after publication.MondayExplore stories of Manhattan’s Chinatown during the pandemic in an online exhibition from Poster House, a museum devoted to the art of posters. Last March 15, Grace Young, a culinary historian and cookbook author, and Dan Ahn, a photographer and videographer, interviewed business and restaurant owners in the neighborhood. The project, which documents the wide-ranging toll the virus crisis has taken on Chinatown, is available to view for free on Poster House’s website.When AnytimeWhere posterhouse.org/special-project/corona-virus-chinatown-storiesTuesdayCelebrate Indigenous female chefs with a cooking class from the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community and the University of Minnesota’s Healthy Foods, Healthy Lives Institute. Each month, from February to July, as part of an initiative sponsored by the Annual Conference on Native American Nutrition, an Indigenous female chef shares a recipe and her culinary expertise. This month, Kim Tilsen-Brave Heart, an enrolled citizen of the Oglala Lakota Sioux Nation of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, and an owner and the executive chef of Etiquette Catering Company, will prepare slow-roasted buffalo and blackberry wojapi, a berry sauce, over hasselback squash with an apple cider vinegar reduction. This event is free, and attendance is capped at 1,000.When 1 p.m.Where hfhl.umn.edu/indigenouschefsJoin the Pulitzer-Prize-winning author Viet Thanh Nguyen for a discussion about his new novel, “The Committed,” with the fellow writer Min Jin Lee. Mr. Nguyen will take viewers into the pages of his latest book and answer audience questions. Admission, presented by Left Bank Books and Grove Press, requires the purchase of a copy of the book.When 8 p.m.Whereleft-bank.com/event/viet-thanh-nguyen-committedWednesdayCommemorate Deaf History Month with the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston’s “A.S.L. Night,” which celebrates the art, language and culture of the deaf community. The evening will include performances, art activities and a museum tour, all presented in American Sign Language by deaf artists, performers and tour guides. Voice interpretation and open captions will also be available. The event, which is in partnership with DEAF, Inc., the Boston Children’s Hospital Deaf and Hard of Hearing Program and the Massachusetts State Association of the Deaf, is free.When 7 p.m.Where mfa.org/event/community-celebrations/asl-night?event=9599Watch a virtual reading of selected short stories about fame and infamy, hosted by the writer, performer and video-maker Dylan Marron. The actors Bryan Cranston, Michelle Buteau, Moses Ingram, Miriam Shor and others will perform pieces by Jade Jones, Tania James, Kenneth Calhoun and Fiona Maazel. Tickets to this prerecorded event, presented by Symphony Space, are $15.When 7:30 p.m.Where symphonyspace.org/events/virtual-selected-shorts-fame-infamy-with-dylan-marronThursdayListen to a conversation with the artist Yuri Shimojo, whose series, “Memento Mori,” which is dedicated to the people who died during the earthquake, tsunami and resulting Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan, will have its United States premiere at Praise Shadows Art Gallery in Brookline, Mass. On the 10th anniversary of the disaster, Ms. Shimojo will speak with Yng-Ru Chen, the founder of the gallery, and Gennifer Weisenfeld, a professor of art, art history and visual studies at Duke University, about resilience in times of crisis, including during the coronavirus pandemic. This event, which is presented by the Duke University Alumni Association, is free. Registration is required.When 8 p.m.Where rsvp.duke.edu/d/cjqpbyFridayExplore the biodiversity of macrofungi in a talk with the mushroom expert Roy Halling, presented by the New York Botanical Garden. Dr. Halling, who is an emeritus curator of mycology at the botanical garden, will share a few highlights from his career, which includes describing over 80 new fungi species, as well as answer questions about macrofungi, such as mushrooms and other large fungi species, and their importance in ecosystems. This event is free.When 11 a.m.Where nybg.org/event/a-bolete-story-50-years-of-macrofungiSaturdaySing along with a family-friendly musical event presented by Carnegie Hall. The teaching artist Emily Eagen and the Grammy-nominated singer Falguni Shah, known as Falu, will be joined by the guest musician Deep Singh in a performance showcasing some of the rhythms of India with songs like “Allahoo” and Ms. Shah’s own “Pots and Pans.” This free event is open to all, but it will focus on inspiring children 2 to 5 to learn about music. A recording of the event will be available for on-demand viewing on Carnegie Hall’s website.When 10 a.m.Where Carnegie Hall’s Facebook and YouTube pagesCredit…Andrea ChronopoulosSundayWatch a performance of “Letter to My Father” by Franz Kafka, based on a letter an ailing Kafka wrote to his own father. This interactive production, presented by the M-34 company and developed by James Rutherford and Michael Guagno, is directed by Mr. Rutherford and performed by Mr. Guagno. Audience members will have the option to switch between camera angles and interfaces to create a personalized viewing experience. This event is free, but registration is required.When 3 p.m.Where m-34.org/kafkaListen to a musical performance by the Music Institute of Chicago Chorale and nearly 40 international singers. Conducted by Daniel Wallenberg, this event will feature performers from Argentina, Britain, France and other countries, and include works by Beethoven, William Byrd, Morten Lauridsen and more. Tickets to this concert, which is premiering live but includes prerecorded songs, are free. Registration closes four hours before the event and is required.When 3 p.m.Where musicinst.org/march14-choraleAdvertisementContinue reading the main story

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