A new study led by researchers at Johns Hopkins and the University of Pennsylvania uses computer modeling to suggest that eviction bans authorized during the COVID-19 pandemic reduced the infection rate and not only protected those who would have lost their housing but also entire communities from the spread of infections.
With widespread job loss in the U.S. during the pandemic, many state and local governments temporarily halted evictions last spring, and just as these protections were about to expire in September, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) declared a national eviction ban.
However, the order is only extended a few months at a time and is under constant challenge in the court system, including debates about whether such measures control infection transmission.
The research team aimed to study if eviction bans help control the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, explains Alison Hill, Ph.D., an assistant professor of biomedical engineering at Johns Hopkins.
In a bid to document the potential impact, Hill and Michael Levy, Ph.D., of the University of Pennsylvania, teamed up with experts in housing policy from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Hill and Levy specialize in using mathematical models to study how infections spread.
A report on the research was published April 15 in Nature Communications.

SharecloseShare pageCopy linkAbout sharingIndia has been added to a “red list” of countries from which most travel to UK is banned amid concerns over a new Covid variant, Health Secretary Matt Hancock says.From 04:00 BST on Friday 23 April, international visitors who have travelled from India in the last 10 days will be refused entry.British or Irish passport holders, or people with UK residence rights, will be allowed in but must quarantine in a government-approved hotel for 10 days.This breaking news story is being updated and more details will be published shortly. Please refresh the page for the fullest version.You can receive Breaking News on a smartphone or tablet via the BBC News App. You can also follow @BBCBreaking on Twitter to get the latest alerts.

By setting routines for myself, I was able to shield myself from chaos. Then the pandemic happened. I set out to get them back on track.This article is part of a series on resilience in troubled times — what we can learn about it from history and personal experiences.I was laid off in December. I can’t say I wasn’t anticipating it. Everything was falling apart everywhere, including the media world. But when it happened, the first thing I worried about — before questions of how I’d make money or what I’d do about insurance — was if I’d lose the routine that I had developed, lost, and then worked so hard to get back.We all had our routines before the pandemic, and so many of them were upended. Just about any personal routine, if it wasn’t halted outright, changed somehow, from the mundane to the essential. The older man I used to see slowly savoring an espresso every day at the coffee shop had to take it in a to-go cup and drink it outside. Until lockdown, a friend had gone uptown to see his parents every Sunday morning, but had to stop. Children stopped going to school and much of the work force stopped going to offices. Trying to maintain a routine was difficult enough with the world feeling as if it was going to pieces; trying to set new ones without any clear indication of what the future held felt downright impossible.Life is a series of routines. We go to sleep, we wake, we work, we play. But for some, routines and rituals help us function against the chaos of the world, and in many cases, our minds. Some minds just aren’t made for routines; that’s why I’ve had to work extra hard and discipline myself to live and work a certain way.I grew up constantly uncertain, thanks to an unstable home life as a child, parents who moved around a lot and, starting at 16, being without a home of my own. The trauma from those experiences began to prey on me, it wore me down and mingled with my diagnoses of A.D.H.D., depression and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, making it almost impossible for me to concentrate, work, and generally be productive and happy on a daily basis.At some point, by chance, I started to realize that the more I implemented boundaries and schedules — waking and eating and meditating at specific times, working out, writing down the next day’s schedule — the more I started to feel not only some control, but also happiness. By setting routines for myself, I was able to shield myself from chaos.“It helps you feel like you’re in control,” Charles Duhigg, who wrote “The Power of Habit,” said in an interview. “It helps you remember how to do things that — maybe because of your A.D.H.D. — you’d forget because of short-term memory.” In his book, Mr. Duhigg explores the sort of ouroboros — the ancient symbol of a snake eating its own tail — I was performing on myself. I needed some sort of cue, a routine and then a reward. I hadn’t thought of rewards as part of the process, but they are essential.For me, I thought the reward was peace of mind. What I didn’t realize was I was also giving myself other little trophies: If I went to the gym five days every week, there was a little voice in my head that would say “You’ve earned two slices of pizza.” When I’d clean the house on Sunday morning, I’d always crack open a beer by afternoon. And sometimes you aren’t even conscious of the rewards you’re giving yourself for routine, and I find those are the most important ones. With those rewards, I’m being good to yourself, telling myself I did something, so I earned something.“You’re forcing yourself to anticipate rewards,” Mr. Duhigg said. “All of that is really good.”For Esmé Weijun Wang, author of the essay collection “The Collected Schizophrenias,” “Routines and rituals are a core part of maintaining my mental health,” she told me. Ms. Wang’s routines include “my analog planner, where I journal, manage my appointments and jot down tasks — that, along with an array of other notebooks and binders, organize things in a way that help life to feel less overwhelming.”Equally important — and perhaps more challenging — is maintaining your routines. So, while writing down appointments is important, reminding myself to wake up at a certain time, to meditate, my 1 p.m. work and phone break are the acts of reminding myself where the calm waters are going to be in what could turn out to be a rough sea.“When you change a habit in your life that you previously found to be important,” Mr. Duhigg said, “you just need to be cognizant of how you change that habit deliberately.”But sometimes, outside forces overwhelm the ability to maintain. After five years of consistent routines, the pandemic hit. The first day working from home, my routine fell apart. We were told it would be a week, then two, then next month, then late summer, then maybe after Thanksgiving. Sooner or later we’d go back to the office, maybe. I started sleeping in later; when the gym closed, I had to figure out a new way to work out; and as every little thing I’d considered part of a normal day for me started to go away, I didn’t realize how depressed I was.By the time I started lifting myself out of my depression, realizing that I was going to have to learn to adapt, it was autumn. There was still no office or gym or place I could go to safely see people in person and talk to them. I avoided my therapist for months because I felt awkward doing sessions on Zoom. I’d skip morning meditation from time to time. I’d would open and eat a bag of chips in a few minutes. It was the kind of spiraling I thought I had figured out how to correct.Then, one morning, I pulled out one of my old journals to see what I’d done right in the past. I had notes about what in my routine worked and what didn’t, how drinking coffee at certain times made me feel more anxious or how checking Twitter before 8 a.m. almost always put me in a bad mood. I had left myself little reminders in case I got lost.One day, I went to walk my dog and for no reason whatsoever and decided that the soundtrack that morning would be Brian Eno’s “Ambient 1/Music for Airports,” an album the composer wrote and recorded to help calm anxious travelers. I told myself I’d walk for the duration of the first track — 17 minutes and 22 seconds — before going home. I was doing something I did every morning, but as I turned a corner, I realized I was also setting myself up for the day, and felt a comfort I hadn’t felt in months. Mr. Eno’s wordless, drifting tape loops of piano rhythms simply served as the background noise to my unplanned walking meditation — and a reminder of how necessary it was.That was when I started putting my routine back together. Within a week, I was back on some sort of normal schedule of when I woke up, when I walked the dog, when I let myself look at Instagram. I was getting to as comfortable a spot as one could be in during a pandemic. Then I got the Slack message that I was needed in a meeting with an H.R. person. I knew what was coming next.Obviously I was feeling all of those things one feels when they lose a job. It hurt. My finances were going to take a hit. The one main channel of communication I had with anybody besides my wife was cut off. But I realized there was nothing I could do besides pick myself up and start making out my schedule for the next day. Tomorrow, and every single day after that, my routine and rituals were in my hands only. And nobody could take that from me.Jason Diamond’s most recent book is “The Sprawl.”

Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) was associated with blood pressure changes in both transgender men and women, according to new research published today in Hypertension, an American Heart Association journal. Given the higher burden of heart attack, stroke and other cardiovascular conditions among transgender men and women, blood pressure screening and monitoring are important, especially after beginning hormone therapies.
Although doctors have prescribed gender-affirming hormone therapy to transgender men and women for more than 25 years, researchers and health care professionals know little about rates of hypertension and how the effects on blood pressure change over time. Previous research has shown that transgender men were almost five times as likely to report having a heart attack compared to cisgender women. Conversely, transgender women were more than two-and-a-half times more likely to have reported a heart attack than cisgender women, yet they did not have a significant increase in heart attack incidence when compared with cisgender men. However, a systematic review conducted in 2020 found most of the studies examining gender-affirming hormones and blood pressure had sample sizes that were too small to detect statistically significant differences in blood pressure.
“There are many important gaps in our knowledge about the effects of hormone therapy for transgender people. This study examined the time course and magnitude of the effects of gender-affirming hormones on blood pressure,” said senior study author Michael S. Irwig, M.D., an associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and director of transgender medicine at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston.
To conduct the largest and longest observational study of its kind, the researchers followed 470 patients who began GAHT at a medical center in the Washington, D.C. area from 1/1/2007 to 6/1/2015. Participants were all at least 17 years old and non-cisgender. Of the 470 patients, 247 were transfeminine and 223 were transmasculine. About 27% of the participants were non-white, and 16% self-identified as Latinx. Researchers measured each patient’s blood pressure before beginning GAHT to establish a baseline and continued measurements at subsequent clinical visits for up to 57 months.
The study found: Within two to four months of beginning hormone therapy, transgender women saw an average decrease of 4.0 mm Hg in their systolic blood pressure, but transgender men saw an average increase of 2.6 mm Hg. The prevalence of stage 2 hypertension (at least 140/90 mm Hg) dropped from 19% to 10% in the transfeminine group within two to four months of beginning hormone therapy. The use of testosterone in transgender men could lead to an increased risk for heart attack or stroke if they also have untreated high blood pressure.In addition, the results indicated that some patients experienced different blood pressure effects compared to the majority of those with the same gender identity. Some transgender women and transgender men saw blood pressure rates trend in the opposite direction of their peers. The study authors highlight this is an area that requires further research, noting individuals taking the same medication may react in different ways.
The study has several limitations. Most patients were on the same formulation of intramuscular testosterone or oral estrogen, so the effects of other formulations need further study. Additionally, the study did not have a large enough sample to detect statistically significant changes in blood pressure measures among Black or Latinx patients.
Monitoring blood pressure and other preventive screening measures are particularly important in transgender and LBGTQ communities. A 2020 Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association indicates transgender adults had lower physical activity levels than their cisgender counterparts, and transgender women may be at increased risk for cardiovascular disease due to behavioral and clinical factors (such as the use of gender-affirming hormones like estrogen). The statement indicates that it is paramount to include LGBTQ health in clinical training and licensure requirements for health care professionals in order to better address cardiovascular health disparities in the LGBTQ community.
Study co-authors are Katherine Banks, M.D.; Mabel Kyinn, M.D.; Shalem Y. Leemaqz, Ph.D.; Eleanor Sarkodie, M.P.H.; Deborah Goldstein, M.D.
Story Source:
Materials provided by American Heart Association. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

SharecloseShare pageCopy linkAbout sharingimage copyrightGetty ImagesIndia’s capital Delhi has announced a week-long lockdown after a record spike in cases overwhelmed the city’s healthcare system.Government offices and essential services, such as hospitals, pharmacies and grocers, will be open during the lockdown which starts on Monday. The city had imposed a weekend curfew but reported its highest single-day spike so far on Sunday – 24, 462 cases. India has been reeling from a deadly second wave since the start of April.”I have always been against lockdowns, but this one will help us amplify the number of hospital beds in Delhi,” Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal said in a press conference on Monday. He also appealed to the city’s migrant workers not to leave – last year’s national lockdown saw millions of them heading back to their villages after they found themselves unemployed and running out of money. “This was a difficult decision to take but we had no other option left,” Mr Kejriwal said. “I know when lockdowns are announced, daily-wage workers suffer and lose their jobs. But I appeal to them to not leave Delhi, it’s a short lockdown and we will take care of you.Lockdown rules:Religious places are allowed to open but cannot accept visitors.Only 50 people will be allowed at weddings and up to 20 people at funerals.Malls, cinemas, restaurants, public parks, gyms, spas will remain closed during the lockdown.All social, political and religious gatherings have been banned.Sporting events without spectators are allowed.Public transport like buses and the Metro will function with up to 50 per cent seating capacity.Students appearing for examinations with valid documents will be allowed to travel.Home delivery and takeaway of food by restaurants will be allowed.People travelling for Covid-19 vaccinations or testing will be allowed if they have valid documents. How India failed to prevent a deadly second wave’Think about ICU workers before you party”Covid lockdown will make us beg for food again’India has been reporting more than 200,000 cases daily since 15 April – this is well past its peak last year, when it was averaging around 93,000 cases a day. Deaths too have been rising. India confirmed 1,620 deaths from the virus on Sunday. On Monday UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson cancelled a planned trip to India in view of the situation. Mr Johnson and India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi will speak later this month to “launch ambitious plans for the future partnership”, a statement said.image copyrightGetty ImagesMaharashtra, which has India’s financial hub Mumbai as its capital, remains the worst-hit state, accounting for a nearly a third of India’s more than 1.9 million active cases. But Delhi is the worst-hit city, confirming more cases daily than Mumbai in recent days. Hospitals are struggling to accommodate Covid positive patients in Delhi and other badly hit cities such as Mumbai, Lucknow and Ahmedabad. Several states have been reporting an acute shortage of beds in Covid wards and ICUs. Even test results are being delayed because of overwhelming demand, which, doctors say, is leading to people not getting diagnosed and treated in time. Experts say the Indian government ignored warnings of a second wave and did little to prevent it or even contain it – they point to cricket matches attended by unmasked crowds, massive election rallies that appeared to flout basic Covid safety rules and a huge Hindu festival where millions congregated on the banks of the Ganges river earlier this month to take a holy dip. Buoyed by a sharp dip in case numbers and the start of the vaccination drive, India began the year on what appeared to be a normal note. But things soon took a turn for the worse as people began leaving home more, wearing masks less and socialising in larger groups. The entry of variants and a lag in the vaccination drive only drove up infections further, experts say.Within weeks, India shot to the top of the world’s Covid chart, recording more cases daily than any other country.

SharecloseShare pageCopy linkAbout sharingimage copyrightGetty ImagesHealthy young people who have had Covid-19 are being asked to volunteer for a trial that will deliberately expose them to the pandemic virus. The experts behind the study, beginning this month, want to see how the immune system copes second time round. The ultimate aim is to design better treatments and vaccines.Up to 64 people aged 18-30 will spend 17 days in a quarantine unit at a hospital suite and have numerous tests, including lung scans. They will be re-exposed to the virus, the original strain from Wuhan, China, in a “safe and controlled environment” while the medical team monitors their health.Develop symptomsThe first phase of this study, funded by the Wellcome Trust, will aim to establish the lowest dose of virus that can take hold and start replicating but produce few or no symptoms.This dose will then be used to infect participants in the second phase of the study, expected to start in the summer.Volunteers who develop symptoms will be given an antibody treatment to help them fight off the infection. They will be discharged only when they are no longer contagious. Anti-viral therapiesChief investigator Prof Helen McShane, from the University of Oxford, said: “Challenge studies tell us things that other studies cannot because, unlike natural infection, they are tightly controlled. “When we reinfect these participants, we will know exactly how their immune system has reacted to the first Covid infection, exactly when the second infection occurs, and exactly how much virus they got. “As well as enhancing our basic understanding, this may help us to design tests that can accurately predict whether people are protected.”Prof Lawrence Young, of Warwick University, said: “Human challenge studies have a long history of being able to generate important information about infections under strictly controlled conditions as well as allow the efficacy of vaccination to be accurately assessed.”They will significantly improve our understanding of the dynamics of virus infection and of the immune response as well as provide valuable information to help with the ongoing design of vaccines and the development of anti-viral therapies.”OXFORD JAB: What is the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine?SYMPTOMS: What are they and how to guard against them?TREATMENTS: What progress are we making to help people?VACCINE: When will I get the jab?COVID IMMUNITY: Can you catch it twice?

A comparison across demographic groups over two decades offers some clues, and there has been a particular rise in misuse among women during the pandemic.American deaths from misuse of substances, including alcohol, have increased over the past two decades, but not uniformly across various demographic groups.Overall rates of alcohol abuse and related deaths have consistently and significantly increased for white non-Hispanic Americans, while Black Americans have experienced a much slower and less significant incline, and some other groups have had declines.More recently, alcohol use has been up during the pandemic, with one study showing a greater increase in misuse among women than among men.(For men, recommended limits are four drinks per day and 14 drinks per week, and for women, three drinks per day and seven drinks per week, according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.)“Alcohol kills many more people than many may realize,” said Yusuf Ransome, an assistant professor at Yale’s School of Public Health. “It is a major contributor to deaths linked to physical injuries, interpersonal violence, motor vehicle crashes, self-harm and other harmful outcomes.”One reason for this might be that alcohol is often viewed as socially acceptable. “Alcohol use has been normalized because it is consumed sometimes at family and communal gatherings, casual outings, and that’s the type of drinking that is typically seen or showed within the media,” he said. “We rarely see the long-term health impacts of excessive alcohol use, nor do we show the acute dangers of alcohol misuse and abuse.”Between 2000 and 2016, according to research published in JAMA, alcohol-related deaths continually increased for white men (2.3 percent per year on average) and white women (4.1 percent), with middle-aged white Americans accounting for the highest increase in deaths. Rapid increases during this period in mortality related to alcohol and drugs like opioids among white Americans — particularly those without a college degree — have been termed “deaths of despair.”The trend mirrors one experienced by Black Americans living in cities in the 1970s and 1980s. The underlying sources suggested by scholars are similar for the two groups, just shifted in time: social and economic stressors including poverty, stagnant or declining incomes, loss of blue-collar jobs, and disintegration of family units.For Black Americans, there was the added problem of structural and explicit racism that contributed (and continues to contribute) to reduced economic opportunity and worse mental and physical health outcomes.Rates of alcohol-related deaths among Black Americans declined somewhat in the early years of the 21st century, though they began to rise once more in 2007 (among women) and 2012 (among men). Nonetheless, the rate of alcohol-related death remains lower than among white Americans.One factor might be a high sense of community and high levels of religious service attendance within the Black community, which have consistently been associated with both lower and less severe alcohol use. Another possible reason for lower rates of alcohol use among Black Americans is the well-founded sense that the possible downsides are more severe for them compared with other racial and ethnic groups. African-Americans are more likely to be policed and to suffer negative outcomes during their interactions with law enforcement, as evidenced over the past year and historically.“African-Americans, particularly men and those of lower income, are at a higher risk of more social and legal consequences associated with drinking and other substance use,” said Tamika Zapolski, an associate professor of clinical psychology at Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis. “They are more likely to experience negative health complications and be arrested and convicted.”For example, one study found that Black (and Hispanic) drinkers are 1.5 times more likely to report adverse social consequences from drinking compared with their white non-Hispanic counterparts. These results support earlier findings of significant racial disparities in alcohol-related consequences. Some studies attribute this to increased policing in lower-income Black neighborhoods.Native Americans have experienced the highest rates of alcohol-related deaths, which have been on the rise since 2000. According to a JAMA study, Native Americans’ alcohol misuse can be traced to “poverty, family history of alcohol use disorder, availability of alcohol at a younger age,” as well as stress from historical trauma. The death rate in 2016 was 113.2 per 100,000 for Native American men and 58.8 per 100,000 for Native American women.For other groups per 100,000, the death rate was 4.4 and 1.0 for Asian-American and Pacific Islander men and women; 13.8 and 4.6 for Black men and women; 21.9 and 4.7 for Hispanic American men and women; and 18.2 and 7.6 for white men and women.While there has been an overall increase in such deaths among Asian-Americans, the trends in alcohol consumption tend to diverge by national origin. Among Asian-American and Pacific Islander populations, U.S.-born individuals have higher rates of alcohol abuse than their first-generation immigrant counterparts, which may be because of cultural assimilation, among other factors.The enculturation process may have also had an impact on young Hispanic women, who are experiencing an increase in alcohol consumption and have the third-highest rates of female alcohol-related deaths, after Native American and white women.In the past two decades, women died of alcoholic liver disease on average two to three years earlier than men, even though they generally had longer life expectancies. During the pandemic, they have experienced a 41 percent increase in heavy drinking episodes, a survey study showed. (The C.D.C. definition of binge drinking for women is four or more drinks over two hours.)“Over the past two decades, underage females were exposed to and suffered the effects of alcohol marketing,” said David Jernigan, professor of health law, policy and management at the Boston University School of Public Health, who has researched the relationship between alcohol marketing and consumption of alcohol.“Specific products and product categories were created primarily for females: sweeter, fizzier, and marketed as more ‘feminine’ drinks,” he said.More than boys and young men, girls and young women are drawn to so-called alcopops — flavored, often fruity, alcoholic beverages — fueling their popularity, according to one study. Women absorb more alcohol than men when drinking equivalent amounts because it takes longer for them to metabolize it, so the risk of harm is higher.“We are seeing the consequences now, with increasing rates of cirrhosis and liver cancer deaths for women being the canary in the coal mine for a range of negative effects,” Professor Jernigan said.Nambi Ndugga is a policy analyst with KFF’s Racial Equity and Health Policy program. You can follow her on Twitter at @nambinjn.

Young people experiencing the body changes of puberty without being in school are facing a unique set of challenges. Here’s how parents can support them.A pediatrician friend saw a 10-year-old girl recently, for her yearly checkup. Like so many children (and so many adults) among us, she had gained a little extra weight over the past year, but she was fundamentally healthy. “The mom says to me, ‘You know, she’s very self-conscious, she’s developed over this last year, and none of her friends have, and it makes her so uncomfortable and it makes her sad,’” said the pediatrician, Dr. Terri McFadden, a professor of pediatrics at Emory University School of Medicine.The child had been attending virtual classes, and she was worried about going back into the classroom looking different; her mother had tried to explain to her that different people develop at different rates, Dr. McFadden said, but “she just felt she wasn’t normal, she wasn’t like her friends.”Most of the children in Dr. McFadden’s practice have been out of school for a full year, she said, and while many are eager to return to their friends, some are anxious about going back. Many have gained a significant amount of weight, which alone can make them worried about how they may be received by their peers. “School can be cruel,” Dr. McFadden said.While some schools have already gone back to in-person classes, circumstances vary across the country. Many children in the public school system in Atlanta, where Dr. McFadden practices, have been at home for more than a year. Some may be returning to school in bodies that have morphed over months at home, and while classmates may have noticed certain developments like a cracking voice, acne or facial hair on Zoom screens, other changes will be much more evident in person.“I definitely have seen a lot of people with a lot of weight gain and worry about going back,” said Dr. Holly Gooding, the head of adolescent medicine at Emory University School of Medicine. She always asks teenagers how school is going, she said, and nowadays, many of them say they’ll be going back in the fall. That presents an opportunity to ask more specifically about re-entry, she said, and open up the subject of body image.Dr. Chanelle Coble, an adolescent medicine specialist at N.Y.U. Grossman School of Medicine, said that young people are experiencing the body changes of puberty without the supports they would usually get from their peer group, and that is part of the general stress of the pandemic year. In her New York City practice, Dr. Coble said that she has seen higher than usual rates of severe anxiety and depression, as well as disordered eating, including among 11-, 12- and 13-year-olds.Some of these were children who gained weight early in the pandemic, and then, perhaps in reaction, started restricting their eating. In some, the weight loss has been so severe that they have stopped growing, or stopped menstruating.“Puberty is a general time of angst for people,” said Dr. Jennifer Miller, a pediatric endocrinologist at the Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, and an assistant professor of pediatrics at the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. It’s a stage when adolescents tend to be sensitive about changes in their bodies and how others perceive those changes, and the anxieties of returning to school — or more generally to life after lockdown — make that more pronounced.Dr. Jami Josefson, a pediatric endocrinologist at Lurie Children’s Hospital and an associate professor at Northwestern, said that going back to school after being out may be like seeing a relative you haven’t seen in a long time — there will always be comments about how the child has grown and changed.Some children will be taller, some will be more developed, some boys will have changing voices while others won’t. “This is all a normal part of going through adolescence, but it might seem a little more sudden,” Dr. Josefson said.Families should talk with children about how these changes are normal, about how everyone’s body changes, but not in unison. Dr. Coble suggested, “start with the basics, how are you eating, how are you sleeping?”If your children have been truly isolated, think about helping them ease back in — perhaps by encouraging them to spend socially distanced time outside with one good friend. Pandemic or no pandemic, children and families need reliable information about puberty. Dr. Adiaha Spinks-Franklin, a developmental behavioral pediatrician at Texas Children’s Hospital and an associate professor at Baylor College of Medicine, sends families to Amaze.org, which has videos aimed at kids, and to the Healthy Bodies Toolkit site developed by Vanderbilt University.Even in nonpandemic times, life is often harder for early developers, who remain emotionally and intellectually the same age as their peers, but who may look significantly older. Dr. Carol Ford, a professor of pediatrics and division chief of adolescent medicine at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, said that the children who develop early always need more support, and that may be particularly true now, when the changes may be starker after an interval away. Parents need to be ready to have concrete and detailed conversations about issues like personal hygiene (yes, your sweat starts to smell different) and the developments still to come (menstruation, wet dreams).Some adolescent specialists have raised questions about whether the emotional intensity of lockdown and the pandemic year may actually have contributed to early puberty; Dr. Spinks-Franklin said, “I’ve had quite a few of my girls start their periods during the pandemic.” She has wondered whether stress has had something to do with that, or whether it is just regular development.One preliminary analysis out of Italy that was published in March suggested that referrals for early puberty in girls were significantly increased during the first six months of the pandemic, compared to the same six-month period of 2019. From March to September of 2020, 246 children, almost all girls, were referred to Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital in Rome to be evaluated for suspected precocious puberty, compared to 118 during the same months of 2019. The authors raised questions about the possible links to stress, higher caloric intake and increased screen use, to be addressed with further research.If you think your child might be developing too early, schedule an appointment for an in-person checkup, and ask their pediatrician to discuss issues of puberty and body image. After the 10-year-old’s mother brought up the subject, Dr. McFadden talked with her patient, reinforcing the message that the body changes of puberty are normal and healthy. She talked with the mother about speaking with the child’s teachers, “so there will be a cadre of folks looking out for her as she re-emerges into in-person school.” And she and the mother discussed the risks that can attend early development in girls, who may be taken for older than they are, or preyed upon.Make sure that your child has clothes that fit her changing body and doesn’t seem to be popping out of too-short pants or too-tight shirts, which will draw attention to the changes. Talk about whether a child developing breasts wants to wear a camisole or bra. Talk through the logistics of getting your period at school, and make sure she knows where to go if she needs help or supplies.Though Dr. Miller sees patients for puberty-related questions and problems, her own sense of puberty during the pandemic also reflects her experience as a parent. “We have an 11-year-old daughter who is emotionally a roller coaster,” she said. Her daughter’s school recently had the “puberty talk,” in person, and her daughter reported, “The best part was being in one room with all the girls.”Her daughter then asked her pediatric endocrinologist mother why anyone needed to be a doctor focusing on puberty, Dr. Miller said, “Since all I do is talk about how it’s a completely normal thing for your body to go through.”

SharecloseShare pageCopy linkAbout sharingTearful reunions filled Auckland airport on Monday as residents from Australia were able to travel freely to New Zealand for the first time in more than a year.The long-awaited Australia-New Zealand travel bubble means visitors no longer need to quarantine on arrival.Thousands of passengers were booked to fly between the two nations on Monday. Both countries have contained Covid outbreaks and kept infection rates low, largely due to tight restrictions. Excited passengers crowded airports in Australia for flights to various parts of New Zealand on Monday, with some rising before dawn to get ready to board. “I didn’t realise how emotional I was going to be today,” passenger Dawn Tratt told the BBC at Sydney airport. While many buzzed with the anticipation of seeing loved ones, for others it was a more sombre occasion. “My older brother passed away last week on Thursday, we couldn’t get there last week, but it’s given us an opportunity to go back home today without quarantine so it’s good, very good to go and lay him to rest,” said John Palalagi in Sydney. Nirali Johal said she was going to see her partner for the first time in almost two years.”I couldn’t sleep last night, it has been very exciting,” she said. “We are just… happy that it has happened and we’re able to live a normal life again.”She said she was looking forward to “going to a café, chilling and do what people do on a normal day face-to-face.” She added: “Zoom relations aren’t great. I’m over it.”Australia and New Zealand shut their borders in March last year and brought in compulsory quarantine for returning nationals.Since October, New Zealand travellers have been allowed to enter most Australian states without quarantine, though this had not been reciprocated amid concerns about sporadic Covid outbreaks. To fly under the bubble’s rules, passengers must have spent 14 days before departure in either Australia or New Zealand. They must not be awaiting the results of a Covid test, nor have any Covid symptoms, amongst other criteria. ‘It’s weird being on a plane again’The international departure terminal at Sydney airport was very busy, very early in the day. The queue in front of the check-in desk was long and spiralling. Many parents tried to entertain exhausted toddlers who had to wake up exceptionally early to catch the first flight from Sydney to Auckland on Day 1 of the trans-Tasman bubble. Some passengers told me they camped outside from 02:00 local time (Sunday 17:00 GMT) before the airport had even opened. Others said they were so excited they couldn’t sleep. The first Jetstar flight was absolutely full. It’s a big day for airlines after a catastrophic year because of Covid, and a big sigh of relief for both the travel and tourism industries. But really, this moment is about friends and family reuniting with their loved ones. Dawn Tratt’s voice broke a little as she spoke to me ahead of take-off in Sydney. Her cousin is unwell and while this is a hard time for her family, she’s glad she’ll be able to be there for her. “We’re so privileged here in Australia and in New Zealand to be able to travel like that. It’s weird being on a plane again,” she smiled through her tears.Economic boostThe bubble is expected to deliver a lift to both economies, Australia’s Prime Minister Scott Morrison and New Zealand’s Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern said in a joint statement.”It is truly exciting to start quarantine-free travel with Australia. Be it returning family, friends or holiday-makers, New Zealand says welcome and enjoy yourself,” Ms Ardern said.The country relies on Australia for 40% of its international tourism, injecting about NZ$2.7bn (£1.4bn, $1.9bn) into the economy.In the other direction, New Zealanders accounted for 1.3 million arrivals to Australia in 2019, contributing A$2.6bn (£1.46bn; $2bn) to the Australian economy. Qantas, Jetstar and Air New Zealand will all fly routes between the two countries.Still, the leaders warned the trans-Tasman travel bubble will be under “constant review” given the risks of quarantine-free travel. The two countries have also previously raised the idea of separate travel bubbles with low-risk places like Singapore, Taiwan and several Pacific island nations. Both nations have won praise for their handling of the Covid pandemic. Strict border controls and snap lockdowns are among the measures that have kept infection rates low. Australia has recorded 910 deaths, and New Zealand 26 deaths. Despite its success in containing outbreaks, the Australian government is facing growing criticism over delays in its Covid vaccination rollout. The country has fallen far behind other nations and failed to meet its immunisation targets. The delays are likely to slow any further easing of border restrictions.

The Himalayan nation has given more than 60 percent of its people a shot. Some villages were reached by helicopter, and health workers hiked through ice and snow.THIMPHU, Bhutan — The Lunana area of Bhutan is remote even by the standards of an isolated Himalayan kingdom: It covers an area about twice the size of New York City, borders far western China, includes glacial lakes and some of the world’s highest peaks, and is inaccessible by car.Still, most people living there have already received a coronavirus vaccine.Vials of the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine arrived last month by helicopter and were distributed by health workers, who walked from village to village through snow and ice. Vaccinations proceeded in the area’s 13 settlements even after yaks damaged some of the field tents that volunteers had set up for patients.“I got vaccinated first to prove to my fellow villagers that the vaccine does not cause death and is safe to take,” Pema, a village leader in Lunana who is in his 50s and goes by one name, said by telephone. “After that, everyone here took the jab.”Lunana’s campaign is part of a quiet vaccine success story in one of Asia’s poorest countries. As of Saturday, Bhutan, a Buddhist kingdom that has emphasized its citizens’ well-being over national prosperity, had administered a first vaccine dose to more than 478,000 people, over 60 percent of its population. The Health Ministry said this month that more than 93 percent of eligible adults had received their first shots.Helicopters were crucial for distributing the vaccine to parts of mountainous Bhutan.Bhutan Ministry of HealthThe vast majority of Bhutan’s first doses were administered at about 1,200 vaccination centers over a weeklong period in late March and early April. As of Saturday, the country’s vaccination rate of 63 doses per 100 people was the sixth highest in the world, according to a New York Times database.That rate was ahead of those of the United Kingdom and the United States, more than seven times that of neighboring India and nearly six times the global average. Bhutan is also ahead of several other geographically isolated countries with small populations, including Iceland and the Maldives.Dasho Dechen Wangmo, Bhutan’s health minister, attributed its success to “leadership and guidance” from the country’s king, public solidarity, a general absence of vaccine hesitancy, and a primary health care system that “enabled us to take the services even to the most remote parts of the country.”“Being a small country with a population of just over 750,000, a two-week vaccination campaign was doable,” Ms. Dechen Wangmo said in an email. “Minor logistic issues were faced during the vaccination but were all manageable.”All of the doses used so far were donated by the government of India, where the drug is known as Covishield and manufactured by the Serum Institute of India, the world’s largest vaccine producer. Bhutan’s government has said it plans to administer second doses about eight to 12 weeks after the first round, in line with guidelines for the AstraZeneca vaccine.A Buddhist ritual as vaccine doses arrived in Lhuntse, Bhutan, in an image posted to Facebook by the country’s health ministry.Bhutan Ministry of HealthWill Parks, the representative in Bhutan for UNICEF, the United Nations agency for children, said the first round was a “success story, not only in terms of the coverage but also in the way the vaccination drive was executed collectively from the planning to the implementation.”“It involved participation from the highest authority to local community,” he said.The campaign has relied in part on a corps of volunteers, known as the Guardians of the Peace, who operate under the authority of Bhutan’s king, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck.In Lunana, eight volunteers pitched field tents and helped carry oxygen tanks from village to village, said Karma Tashi, a member of the government’s four-person vaccination team there. The tanks were a precaution in case any villagers had adverse reactions to the shots.To save time, Mr. Tashi said, the team administered vaccines by day and walked between villages by night — often for 10 to 14 hours at a time.The yak damage to the tents wasn’t the only hiccup. Some villagers did not initially show up to be vaccinated because they were busy harvesting barley, or because they worried about possible side effects. “But after we told them about the benefits, they agreed,” Mr. Tashi said.Vaccinating a resident of the district of Pema Gatshel.Bhutan Ministry of HealthAs of April 12, 464 of Lunana’s 800 or so residents had gotten a first dose, according to government data. The population figure includes minors who are not eligible for vaccines.Health care in Bhutan, a landlocked country that is slightly larger than Maryland and borders Tibet, is free. Between 1960 and 2014, life expectancy there more than doubled, to 69.5 years, according to the World Health Organization. Immunization levels in recent years have been above 95 percent.But Bhutan’s health system is “hardly self-sustainable,” and patients who need expensive or sophisticated treatments are often sent to India or Thailand at the government’s expense, said Dr. Yot Teerawattananon, a Thai health economist at the National University of Singapore.A government committee in Bhutan meets once a week to make decisions about which patients to send overseas for treatment, Dr. Yot said. He said the committee — which focuses on brain and heart surgery, kidney transplants and cancer treatment — was known informally as the “death panel.”.css-1xzcza9{list-style-type:disc;padding-inline-start:1em;}.css-rqynmc{font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.25rem;color:#333;margin-bottom:0.78125rem;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-rqynmc{font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.5rem;margin-bottom:0.9375rem;}}.css-rqynmc strong{font-weight:600;}.css-rqynmc em{font-style:italic;}.css-yoay6m{margin:0 auto 5px;font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.3125rem;color:#121212;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-yoay6m{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.4375rem;}}.css-1dg6kl4{margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:15px;}.css-16ed7iq{width:100%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;padding:10px 0;background-color:white;}.css-pmm6ed{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-pmm6ed > :not(:first-child){margin-left:5px;}.css-5gimkt{font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:0.8125rem;font-weight:700;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.03em;-moz-letter-spacing:0.03em;-ms-letter-spacing:0.03em;letter-spacing:0.03em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#333;}.css-5gimkt:after{content:’Collapse’;}.css-rdoyk0{-webkit-transition:all 0.5s ease;transition:all 0.5s ease;-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg);-ms-transform:rotate(180deg);transform:rotate(180deg);}.css-eb027h{max-height:5000px;-webkit-transition:max-height 0.5s ease;transition:max-height 0.5s ease;}.css-6mllg9{-webkit-transition:all 0.5s ease;transition:all 0.5s ease;position:relative;opacity:0;}.css-6mllg9:before{content:”;background-image:linear-gradient(180deg,transparent,#ffffff);background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(270deg,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff);height:80px;width:100%;position:absolute;bottom:0px;pointer-events:none;}#masthead-bar-one{display:none;}#masthead-bar-one{display:none;}.css-1pd7fgo{background-color:white;border:1px solid #e2e2e2;width:calc(100% – 40px);max-width:600px;margin:1.5rem auto 1.9rem;padding:15px;box-sizing:border-box;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-1pd7fgo{padding:20px;width:100%;}}.css-1pd7fgo:focus{outline:1px solid #e2e2e2;}#NYT_BELOW_MAIN_CONTENT_REGION .css-1pd7fgo{border:none;padding:20px 0 0;border-top:1px solid #121212;}.css-1pd7fgo[data-truncated] .css-rdoyk0{-webkit-transform:rotate(0deg);-ms-transform:rotate(0deg);transform:rotate(0deg);}.css-1pd7fgo[data-truncated] .css-eb027h{max-height:300px;overflow:hidden;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none;}.css-1pd7fgo[data-truncated] .css-5gimkt:after{content:’See more’;}.css-1pd7fgo[data-truncated] .css-6mllg9{opacity:1;}.css-1rh1sk1{margin:0 auto;overflow:hidden;}.css-1rh1sk1 strong{font-weight:700;}.css-1rh1sk1 em{font-style:italic;}.css-1rh1sk1 a{color:#326891;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:1px;-webkit-text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-decoration-thickness:1px;-webkit-text-decoration-color:#ccd9e3;text-decoration-color:#ccd9e3;}.css-1rh1sk1 a:visited{color:#333;-webkit-text-decoration-color:#ccc;text-decoration-color:#ccc;}.css-1rh1sk1 a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}“I don’t think they could cope with the surge of severe Covid cases if that happened, so it is important for them to prioritize Covid vaccination,” he said, referring to Bhutan’s health authorities.Bhutan has reported fewer than 1,000 coronavirus infections and only one death. Its borders, tight by global standards even before the pandemic, have been closed for a year with few exceptions, and anyone who enters the country must quarantine for 21 days.Masked pedestrians in Thimpu. Bhutan has reported only one Covid-19 death.Associated PressThat includes the prime minister, Lotay Tshering, who received his first vaccine dose last month while in quarantine after a visit to Bangladesh. He has been supporting the vaccination effort in recent weeks on his official Facebook page.“My days are dotted with virtual meetings on numerous areas that need attention, as I closely follow the vaccination campaign on the ground,” Dr. Tshering, a surgeon, wrote in early April. “So far, with your prayers and blessings, everything is going well.”The economy in Lunana depends on animal husbandry and harvests of a so-called caterpillar fungus that is prized as an aphrodisiac in China. People speak Dzongkha, the national language, and a local dialect.Last year, the drama “Lunana: A Yak in the Classroom” became the second film ever selected to represent Bhutan at the Academy Awards. It was filmed using solar batteries, and its cast included local villagers.Lunana’s headman, Kaka, who goes by one name, said the most important part of the vaccination campaign was not on the ground, but in the sky.“If there hadn’t been a chopper,” he said, “getting the vaccines would have been an issue, since there’s no access road.”Face masks for sale in Thimpu.Associated PressChencho Dema reported from Thimphu, Bhutan, and Mike Ives from Hong Kong.