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The Prime Minister Rishi Sunak wants to effectively ban smoking in the UK.
On Tuesday, MPs are debating the government’s plans to create a “smoke-free generation”, and avoid almost half a million deaths by the end of the century.
What is the smoking ban?
The restrictions will apply to the sale of cigarettes in the UK rather than the act of smoking itself.
Under the new law, each year the legal age for cigarette sales – currently 18 – will increase by one year.
It means that people born in or after 2009 will never be able to legally buy cigarettes, leading to an effective ban.
The law will not affect those who are allowed to buy cigarettes now.
To crack down on underage sales, the government says it will introduce £100 on-the-spot fines for shops in England and Wales which sell tobacco and vapes to underage people.
Local authorities would retain the proceeds to reinvest into enforcement of the law.
This would be on top of £2,500 fines which local councils can already impose.
The government says it will spend £30m on enforcement, which will include tackling the availability of cigarettes on the black market.
They new rules will apply in all duty free shops in the UK, but anyone buying cigarettes abroad would be able to bring them back to the UK as long as they were legally acquired elsewhere.
The government aims to have the new system in force by 2027.
Mr Sunak wants to work with the governments of Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland to introduce the legislation across the UK.
How bad is smoking, and how many deaths does it lead to?
Cigarettes release thousands of different chemicals when they burn, including carbon monoxide, lead, and ammonia.
Many components of tobacco are poisonous, and up to 70 cause cancer.
Smoking is also linked to other serious illnesses, including lung disease, heart disease and strokes.
The government says it is still the number one preventable cause of death, disability and ill health, causing around 80,000 deaths per year across the UK, and costing the NHS and the economy an estimated £17bn every year,
According to the government, creating a “smoke-free generation” could prevent more than 470,000 cases of heart disease, stroke, lung cancer and other diseases by the end of the century.
The Tobacco and Vapes Bill also restricts vaping.
Vaping is less harmful than smoking cigarettes but is not risk-free. Health experts agree that anyone who doesn’t already smoke should not start vaping.
Children’s doctors warn vaping may cause long-term damage to young people’s lungs, hearts and brains.
Vaping is too recent an activity for any long-term effects to have become clear, but the NHS says it “unlikely to be totally harmless”.
The government has already announced plans to ban disposable vapes in England as soon as April 2025, and hopes to extend this ban across the UK as well.
The contents, flavours and packaging of nicotine vapes will also be restricted in order to make them less attractive to children. A new tax on vaping will be introduced from October 2026.
Vaping alternatives – such as nicotine pouches – will also be outlawed for children.
What is happening to smoking rates in the UK?
Smoking rates in older teens remain high – more than 12% of 16- to 17-year-olds smoke in England.
Although the number of 11-17 year olds who smoke cigarettes has gone down in the last decade, the popularity of vaping has increased in this age group, with disposable vapes being the most popular type.
According the Office for National Statistics (ONS),12.9% of people aged 18 years and over in the UK – or around 6.4 million people – smoked cigarettes in 2022. This is the lowest proportion of current smokers since records began in 2011.
The 25-34 age group has the highest proportion of smokers, while the lowest was among those aged 65 and over.
Of the UK nations, England has the lowest proportion of current smokers and Wales had the highest.
Are other countries banning smoking?
The UK’s approach is thought to have been inspired by a policy in New Zealand.
The country’s previous government planned to ban anyone born after 2008 from buying cigarettes or tobacco products in their lifetime.
But, in November 2023, the current government said it will scrap the law to help fund tax cuts.
Mexico has some of the strictest anti-smoking laws in the world, including smoking bans at beaches, parks and in some cases private homes.
Portugal aims to have a “smoke-free generation” by 2040, and wants to pass a law that would stop bars, cafes and petrol stations from selling tobacco products.
Canada is hoping to reduce tobacco use to less than 5% by 2035 and earlier this year, became the first country to rule that health warnings should be printed on individual cigarettes.