Published11 minutes agoSharecloseShare pageCopy linkAbout sharingImage source, Getty ImagesBy Helen BriggsEnvironment correspondentThe world is going through its worst-ever outbreak of bird flu. The highly infectious H5N1 strain of the disease is responsible for the deaths of hundreds of thousands of wild birds and millions of domestic ones. What is bird flu and how deadly is it?Bird flu is an infectious disease of poultry and wild birds that has been around for a century. It usually flares up in autumn before fading away. “It originated amongst ducks in Europe and Asia, and spread to other birds,” says Paul Digard, a professor of virology in the Roslin Institute at Edinburgh University. The H5N1 virus, which is the most prevalent strain now, was first reported in China in 1996 and has broken out sporadically ever since.However, this year the virus has persisted for much longer than usual. The H5N1 strain is deadly and can spread through entire flocks of domestic birds within a matter of days, through birds’ droppings and saliva, or through contaminated feed and water. Image source, Getty ImagesThe current wave of bird flu is the worst one ever in Europe, and in the US.”160 million domestic birds worldwide have been killed by this virus, or have had to be culled by farmers to contain it,” says Professor Munir Iqbal of the UK’s Pirbright Institute, which specialises in animal welfare. “This includes 100 million domestic birds in the US and Europe.”In western European countries, such as the UK, it has led to egg shortages in the shops and fears of a turkey shortage at Christmas.Christmas turkey fears as bird flu rules widenedRecord avian flu outbreak sees mass cull in UK, EU.Image source, Getty ImagesWhat’s so unusual about this outbreak?More wild birds than ever before have been killed by bird flu this year – with sea birds being especially hard hit.The current virus has affected 80 different bird species,” says Professor Iqbal. “For example, it has killed 40% of the skua population in Scotland, and 2,000 Dalmatian pelicans in Greece.” This “huge outbreak” has also spread into species such as seals and foxes, says veterinary expert Dr Louise Moncla of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, US.”These outbreaks began in Europe, then spread to North America, and unlike past outbreaks, have not died out,” she says. We are in the middle of an “unprecedented wildlife disease outbreak, the breadth and scope of which is staggering”, says Dr Rebecca Poulson of the University of Georgia, US. Scientists are unsure why this outbreak is so much worse than others. It may be that the virus has mutated to enable it to spread more readily from bird to bird, or to hang around longer in the environment.Image source, Getty ImagesDr Nancy Beerens, bird flu expert at Wageningen Bioveterinary Research in the Netherlands, which analyses suspected bird flu samples, says the virus may now be ubiquitous in wild birds. “As the virus now has infected many wild bird species, it becomes unlikely that it will disappear again from the bird population,” she says. What’s being done to tackle the outbreak?China has been vaccinating its domestic poultry flocks. However, other countries avoid this because it is hard to judge which birds have been made immune by the vaccine and which ones have not – and so the meat and eggs from vaccinated flocks cannot be sold abroad.”There are strict export controls when a country decides to vaccinate,” says Dr Maurice Pitesky of the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis. Governments in EU countries and North America have instead generally told their farmers to cull all the poultry in any flock in which bird flu has broken out.Farmers in the UK and France have also been told to bring free range poultry flocks indoors, to stop them being infected by wild birds. Image source, Getty ImagesDespite the commercial drawbacks of vaccinating poultry, governments in France and the Netherlands have begun trials of vaccines to try and bring the bird flu epidemic under control.Is bird flu a risk to humans?In some instances, humans have caught bird flu when they have come into close contact with infected birds. “The current strain of H5N1 currently seems to be low risk for this,” says Prof Digard. However, he says: “We need proper surveillance of how far it is spreading, by monitoring wild birds and getting reports from vets dealing with domestic animals.” Follow Helen on Twitter @hbriggs.

SharecloseShare pageCopy linkAbout sharingimage copyrightWeizhi Ji/Kunming Univ of Science and TechnologyMonkey embryos containing human cells have been made in a laboratory, a study has confirmed.The research, by a US-Chinese team, has sparked fresh debate into the ethics of such experiments. The scientists injected human stem cells – cells that have the ability to develop into many different body tissues – into macaque embryos.The developing embryos were studied for up to 20 days.Other so-called mixed-species embryos, or chimeras, have been produced in the past, with human cells implanted into sheep and pig embryos.The scientists were led by Prof Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte of the Salk Institute in the US, who, in 2017, helped make the first human-pig hybrid.Human-pig ‘chimera embryos’ detailedFirst ‘mixed embryo’ monkeys bornTheir work could pave the way in addressing the severe shortage in transplantable organs as well as help understand more about early human development, disease progression and ageing, he said. “These chimeric approaches could be really very useful for advancing biomedical research not just at the very earliest stage of life, but also the latest stage of life.”He maintained that the study, published in the journal Cell, had met the current ethical and legal guidelines.”Ultimately, we conduct these studies to understand and improve human health,” he said.’Ethical challenges’Some scientists have, however, raised concerns about the experiment, arguing that while the embryos in this case were destroyed at 20 days, others could try to take the work further. They are calling for public debate over the implications of creating part human/part nonhuman chimeras.Commenting on the research, Dr Anna Smajdor, lecturer and researcher in biomedical ethics at the University of East Anglia’s Norwich Medical School, said it posed “significant ethical and legal challenges”.She added: “The scientists behind this research state that these chimeric embryos offer new opportunities, because ‘we are unable to conduct certain types of experiments in humans’. But whether these embryos are human or not is open to question.”Prof Julian Savulescu, director of the Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics and co-director of the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, University of Oxford, said the research “opens Pandora’s box to human-nonhuman chimeras”.He added: “These embryos were destroyed at 20 days of development but it is only a matter of time before human-nonhuman chimeras are successfully developed, perhaps as a source of organs for humans. That is one of the long-term goals of this research.”Sarah Norcross, director of the Progress Educational Trust, said that while “substantial advances” are being made in embryo and stem cell research, which could bring equally substantial benefits, “there is a clear need for public discussion and debate about the ethical and regulatory challenges raised”. Follow Helen on Twitter.